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Ben Bernanke
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Ben Bernanke
American economist
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The Balance - Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke
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Also known as: Benjamin Shalom Bernanke
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Ben Bernanke
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Benjamin Shalom Bernanke
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December 13, 1953, Augusta, Georgia, U.S. (age 70)
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Nobel Prize (2012)
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Princeton University - Ben Bernanke, former Princeton professor and economics department chair, receives Nobel Prize in economic sciences (Mar. 01, 2024)
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Ben Bernanke (born December 13, 1953, Augusta, Georgia, U.S.) American economist who served as chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“the Fed”), the central bank of the United States, from 2006 to 2014. In 2022 he and two other economists, Douglas Diamond and Philip Dybvig, were awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics (the?Sveriges?Riksbank?Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel) for “research on banks and financial crises.” Bernanke, Diamond, and Dybvig were recognized by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which selects the winners of the Nobel Prize for Economics, for their insightful studies in the 1980s of the essential economic functions performed by banks, the vulnerability of banks to runs (i.e., massive withdrawals of funds by a bank’s depositors) during periods of financial panic, and the ways in which governments may improve the stability of banking systems and avert or properly manage financial crises. The laureates’ combined research forms the foundation of modern bank regulation.Bernanke grew up in Dillon, South Carolina, where his father worked as a pharmacist and his mother as a teacher. He graduated summa cum laude in economics from Harvard University (1975) and earned a Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT; 1979). His first professorial appointment was at Stanford University, where he taught economics from 1979 to 1985. He became a full professor in 1985 when he moved to Princeton University, and he served as a visiting professor at both New York University and MIT. Widely published on a range of economic issues—including macroeconomics, monetary policy, the Great Depression, and business cycles—Bernanke was awarded both a Guggenheim and a Sloan fellowship, and in 2001 he became editor of the American Economic Review. The following year he was appointed to the Board of Governors of the Fed, and he became noted for thorough research and diplomacy when opinions among the governors differed. His political strengths were also evident in early 2005 when he was named chairman of the President’s Council of Economic Advisers.
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Alan Greenspan, George W. Bush, and Ben BernankeU.S. Pres. George W. Bush (centre) announcing the nomination of Ben Bernanke (right) to replace retiring Alan Greenspan as chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2005.(more)George W. Bush speaking on the economyU.S. Pres. George W. Bush delivering a statement about the economy with (from left) Ben Bernanke, Henry Paulson, and Chris Cox, September 19, 2008. (more)In 2005 Bernanke was nominated by U.S. Pres. George W. Bush to succeed Alan Greenspan as chairman of the Fed. He took office on February 1, 2006. With his strong background in academia, Bernanke represented a clear break from previous Fed chairmen, who had usually come from Wall Street. While expected to uphold the style of fiscal management established by Greenspan, he brought certain important changes to the Fed, mainly in regard to inflation. Although his predecessor had rejected inflation targeting, Bernanke preferred a stated inflation objective, which he believed would bring about economic growth and stability. In September 2008 he worked with Bush and Secretary of the U.S. Department of the Treasury Henry Paulson to draft the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act, which aimed to protect the U.S. financial system during the subprime mortgage crisis, a severe contraction of liquidity in credit markets worldwide brought about by widespread losses in the subprime mortgage sector.While the measures helped stabilize the banking industry, the overall economy struggled to improve, and Bernanke became the focus of much scrutiny. Although some credited him for averting disaster, others claimed that he and the Fed did little to prevent the crisis. His Senate hearings for a second term proved contentious, but in January 2010 he was confirmed, 70–30. After completing the term in 2014, Bernanke was succeeded by Janet Yellen. In the same year, Bernanke became a Distinguished Fellow in Residence at the Brookings Institution, a public-policy think tank.Bernanke’s Nobel Prize-winning research focused on the causes and consequences of the Great Depression of the 1930s, the longest, most widespread, and most severe economic downturn in modern history. In a journal article published in 1983, “Nonmonetary Effects of the Financial Crisis in the Propagation of the Great Depression,” Bernanke argued that the primary cause of the Great Depression was the general inability of banks to fund productive investments through loans to businesses and consumers—the result of significant reductions in deposits by bank customers and the need of banks to retain money that could be demanded by depositors in future bank runs. Bernanke showed that widespread bank failures exacerbated the recession that had begun in 1929, transforming it into a severe and long-lasting depression. A major factor in this development, according to Bernanke, was the loss of information regarding the investment history and general creditworthiness of potential borrowers resulting from the failures of the banks with which they dealt. Such information usually takes years to accumulate and, in a context of large-scale bank failures, is not easily recovered by surviving lenders. Until it is, lending by banks is dampened and economic recovery is slowed. The accumulation of such information was and remains a crucially important function of the banking industry. Bernanke’s investigations made use of complementary research by Diamond and Dybvig, which explained how banks generate liquidity, thus making economic activity possible, by effectively transforming the savings of depositors into productive investments by long-term borrowers, and by Diamond, which explained how banks perform the crucial function of assessing the creditworthiness of potential borrowers by monitoring their debt repayments.Bernanke’s tenure as head of the Federal Reserve coincided with the global financial crisis of 2007–08, which precipitated the Great Recession of 2007–09. The Academy cited the policies adopted by the Federal Reserve during that period, which helped to limit bank failures in the United States and to avert a global depression, as illustrative of the importance of the Nobel laureates’ work.
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Bernanke contributed to a number of volumes on economics and in 2000 issued a compendium of his writings on the Great Depression. The Federal Reserve and the Financial Crisis (2013) collected a series of four lectures he had given in 2012 on the genesis and history of the Fed and on its efforts to address the 2008 financial meltdown. The Courage to Act: A Memoir of a Crisis and Its Aftermath (2015) documents his experiences as Fed chairman. Bernanke’s other books include 21st Century Monetary Policy: The Federal Reserve from the Great Inflation to COVID-19 (2022). The Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaThis article was most recently revised and updated by Brian Duignan.
本·伯南克 (Ben Bernanke) - 知乎首頁知乎知學(xué)堂發(fā)現(xiàn)等你來答?切換模式登錄/注冊本·伯南克 (Ben Bernanke)本·伯南克(英文:Ben Shalom Bernanke,1953年12月13日-),美國經(jīng)濟學(xué)家,前美國聯(lián)邦儲備委員會主席。1953年12月13日出生于美國佐治亞州的奧古斯塔,1975年獲得哈佛…查看全部內(nèi)容關(guān)注話題?管理?分享?百科討論精華視頻等待回答詳細內(nèi)容人物簡介本·伯南克本·伯南克(英文:Ben Shalom Bernanke,1953年12月13日-),美國經(jīng)濟學(xué)家,前美國聯(lián)邦儲備委員會主席。1953年12月13日出生于美國佐治亞州的奧古斯塔,1975年獲得哈佛大學(xué)文學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位,1979年獲得麻省理工學(xué)院博士學(xué)位。伯南克在普林斯頓大學(xué)任教17年,曾擔(dān)任經(jīng)濟學(xué)系主任。從1987年起成為美聯(lián)儲訪問學(xué)者,期間1987年至1989年在費城聯(lián)邦儲備銀行、1989年至1990年在波士頓聯(lián)邦儲備銀行、1990年至1991年與1994年至1996年兩次就職于紐約聯(lián)邦儲備銀行;2002年被布什任命為美聯(lián)儲理事。2005年6月,伯南克擔(dān)任總統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟顧問委員會主席。2006年2月1日接任格林斯潘出任美聯(lián)儲主席。2009年12月,伯南克當(dāng)選美國《時代》周刊2009年年度人物。2010年1月28日,獲得美國國會參議院最終投票確認連任,2014年2月1日到任,任期4年。平生事跡本·伯南克本·伯南克1953年12月13日出生于美國佐治亞州的奧古斯塔,在南卡羅來納州一個名叫狄龍的小村子長大,父親是當(dāng)?shù)氐乃巹?。伯南克小時候就表現(xiàn)出了自己在智力方面的潛質(zhì),小學(xué)六年級時贏得南卡羅來納州拼字比賽冠軍。如果不是后來在“edelweiss”(高山火絨草)這個單詞中多加了一個“i”,他就贏得了全美單詞拼寫錦標(biāo)賽的冠軍。社會贊譽北京時間2009年12月16日,美國《時代》周刊宣布美聯(lián)儲主席本·伯南克當(dāng)選2009年年度人物。伯南克被認為處理金融危機措施得當(dāng),成功避免通貨緊縮?!稌r代》周刊給出伯南克當(dāng)選的理由是,在金融危機乃至經(jīng)濟危機的背景下,他以“富于創(chuàng)意的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力”,令情況沒變得“更糟”。周刊總編輯理查德·施滕格爾在雜志網(wǎng)站發(fā)表聲明說:“衰退是年度故事。如果沒有伯南克,情況本會更糟?!辟Y深記者邁克爾·格倫沃爾德說,伯南克“以創(chuàng)意領(lǐng)導(dǎo)幫助確保2009年成為虛弱復(fù)蘇而非災(zāi)難性衰退之年”,“對金錢、職業(yè)、儲蓄和國家未來具有無可比擬的支配力”,是“引領(lǐng)世界最重要經(jīng)濟體的最重要選手”。2011年11月,據(jù)美國《福布斯》雜志報道,福布斯2011年度全球最有權(quán)力人物榜日前揭曉,負責(zé)監(jiān)管世界最大經(jīng)濟體貨幣政策的美聯(lián)儲主席伯南克位列第八。2012年12月6日,《福布斯》發(fā)布了2012年全球最具影響力人物排行,列出了全球71位最重要的人物,美聯(lián)儲主席本·伯南克(Ben Bernanke)位列第六。[1]政策主張伯南克有一個綽號“印刷報紙的本”,這個綽號起源于他與格林斯潘在通貨膨脹問題上的分歧,公眾賜予伯南克這個雅號是基于他的一個觀點:如果有需要,就可以通過大量印刷鈔票的方法來增加流動性。但是,伯南克認為這個雅號曲解了他的本意,他主張設(shè)定一個明確的通脹目標(biāo),即要在一定時期內(nèi)使通脹率保持在某個特定水平。他認為,這樣做既可以引導(dǎo)市場對通貨膨脹的預(yù)期,也有助于美聯(lián)儲提高其價格穩(wěn)定目標(biāo)的可信度。2002 - 2003年,在解決美國的通貨緊縮問題上,伯南克就已經(jīng)在業(yè)界獲得極大的知名度,他當(dāng)時極力鼓吹降息,結(jié)果導(dǎo)致美國聯(lián)邦基金利率下降到1 % (45年來的最低點)。對于石油價格的上升,伯南克認為,石油和其它常規(guī)能源供應(yīng)吃緊且存在著不確定性因素,而全球經(jīng)濟的快速擴張帶來需求的增長,在這種局面下,能源消費者可能在今后幾年內(nèi)感受到沉重的壓力。雖然從長期來講,能源價格的上漲有可能致使經(jīng)濟增長放緩,但我們認為,已然居高不下的油價不大可能進一步大幅上漲,因此油價對經(jīng)濟的長期影響應(yīng)該在可控制范圍內(nèi)。關(guān)于美國的“雙赤字”問題,伯南克認為,美國外債膨脹的一個主要原因是“發(fā)展中國家和新興市場國家經(jīng)常項目的實質(zhì)性轉(zhuǎn)變”,這種轉(zhuǎn)變將這些國家從國際資本市場上的借款者變成凈放款者。窮國的錢對美國經(jīng)常項目赤字起到推波助瀾的作用。央行發(fā)言2011年8月26日全球央行在美國懷俄明州杰克遜城再次聚首,召開例行年會。北京時間2011年8月26日晚22 : 00,美聯(lián)儲主席伯南克將在此次“央行派對”上發(fā)表有關(guān)經(jīng)濟與貨幣政策的重要演講,伯南克會否釋放美國第三輪量化寬松政策 (QE3)的信號成為全球金融市場的關(guān)注焦點。市場猜測主要集中在三點:暗示QE3、對QE3沒有任何暗示、以及推出變相QE3。基于經(jīng)濟持續(xù)惡化,美國國債收益率持續(xù)創(chuàng)新低,顯示交易者預(yù)期美聯(lián)儲主席伯南克將暗示展開第三輪資產(chǎn)購買行動 (QE3),以進一步扶助經(jīng)濟增長。一旦實施量化寬松政策,美聯(lián)儲印鈔購買國債,這將打壓公債收益率,并鼓勵投資者在其他市場尋求更高的回報,股市等風(fēng)險資產(chǎn)將走高。貨幣供應(yīng)增加將削弱美元的價值,推高黃金 (1773.90, 10.70, 0.61 % )價格。經(jīng)濟學(xué)家指出,伯南克可以提出幾個替代選項:一是把到期短期國債的本金拿來買進更長期的國債,二也是買進較長期的國債,但以到期抵押債券的本金來購買,三是全力賣掉短期債券,改買較長期的國債。[2]人物評價美國《華爾街日報》:“在經(jīng)歷了一場他未曾預(yù)見的金融危機后,美聯(lián)儲主席本·伯南克引導(dǎo)美國避免陷入可能具有毀滅性的恐慌之中。然而時隔五年后,他利用不同尋常的政策幫助美國實現(xiàn)的經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇卻疲弱得令人沮喪。他所留下的混雜著失敗、無畏、執(zhí)著和沮喪的遺產(chǎn)也將進一步受到外界關(guān)注?!睘g覽量81.6 萬討論量1420 ?幫助中心知乎隱私保護指引申請開通機構(gòu)號聯(lián)系我們?舉報中心涉未成年舉報網(wǎng)絡(luò)謠言舉報涉企虛假舉報更多?關(guān)于知乎下載知乎知乎招聘知乎指南知乎協(xié)議更多京 ICP 證 110745 號 · 京 ICP 備 13052560 號 - 1 · 京公網(wǎng)安備 11010802020088 號 · 京網(wǎng)文[2022]2674-081 號 · 藥品醫(yī)療器械網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息服務(wù)備案(京)網(wǎng)藥械信息備字(2022)第00334號 · 廣播電視節(jié)目制作經(jīng)營許可證:(京)字第06591號 · 服務(wù)熱線:400-919-0001 · Investor Relations · ? 2024 知乎 北京智者天下科技有限公司版權(quán)所有 · 違法和不良信息舉報:010-82716601 · 舉報郵箱:jubao@zhihu.
Ben Bernanke, former Princeton professor and economics department chair, receives Nobel Prize in economic sciences
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Ben Bernanke, former Princeton professor and economics department chair, receives Nobel Prize in economic sciences
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By
Denise Valenti, Office of Communications
on
Oct. 10, 2022, 7:09 a.m.
Photo byDenise Applewhite, Office of Communications
Ben Bernanke, a Princeton professor of economics and public affairs from 1985 to 2002, chairman of the economics department from 1996 to 2002, and founder of the Bendheim Center for Finance, is among three winners sharing this year’s Nobel Prize in economic sciences.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2022 to Bernanke, Douglas Diamond and Philip Dybvig for significantly improving “our understanding of the role of banks in the economy, particularly during financial crises.”?The prize amount is 10 million Swedish kroner, about $900,000, divided among the recipients.
"All of us at Princeton know Ben Bernanke to be not only a marvelous scholar but also a generous teacher, beloved colleague, and devoted University citizen," said Princeton President Christopher L. Eisgruber. "By using his path-breaking research, extensive learning, and practical wisdom to help lead America through a difficult financial crisis, Ben has exemplified brilliantly Princeton's commitment to be 'in the nation's service.' The Princeton community joins in congratulating him enthusiastically on this extraordinary and well-deserved honor."
An important finding in the laureates' research is why avoiding bank collapses is vital.
The three laid the foundation of modern banking research in the 1980s. It clarifies why we have banks, how to make them less vulnerable in crises and how bank collapses exacerbate financial crises.
The Nobel Committee wrote: “Their analyses have been of great practical importance in regulating financial markets and dealing with financial crises. For the economy to function, savings must be channeled to investments. However, there is a confiict here: Savers want instant access to their money in case of unexpected outlays, while businesses and homeowners need to know they will not be forced to repay their loans prematurely.”
Dybvig, the?Boatmen’s Bancshares Professor of Banking and Finance at Washington University in St. Louis, Olin Business School, was?an assistant professor at Princeton from 1980-81.
"This is a wonderful prize,” said Wolfgang Pesendorfer, the Theodore A. Wells ’29 Professor of Economics and economics department chair. “The three authors were instrumental in shaping our understanding of financial intermediation and its connection to macroeconomic fluctuations. I am, of course, most excited about the award to our former colleague Ben Bernanke. His 1983 paper on the Great Depression is a landmark contribution where he convincingly establishes the centrality of bank failures to the Great Depression. More broadly, his research demonstrates the importance of the financial sector for propagating and amplifying economic crisis, a view that was vindicated during the financial crisis from 2007-08 and the following Great Recession.”
In a press conference held at the Brookings Institution, where Bernanke is currently?Distinguished Fellow in Residence, Economic Studies, Bernanke said his cell phone was turned off early this morning, and that he first learned of the news when his daughter in Chicago called him on his landline.
“I am incredibly honored, of course, to be a co-winner,” he said. “It was completely unexpected. … I am very happy to be sharing this prize with Douglas Diamond and Phil Dybvig, whose work on bank runs was very seminal, had a big impact on me in the early ’80s when I was working on these issues.”
Bernanke gave special mention to his collaborators, including Mark Gertler, the Henry & Lucy Moses Professor and professor of economics at New York University. He also cited later historical work he completed with Harold James, Princeton's?Claude and Lore Kelly Professor in European Studies and professor of history and international affairs, examining countries with banking crises in the 1930s. He and James discovered that those countries where the gold standard prevailed, which meant they had inflationary and monetary contractions, suffered the most in terms of output and employment.
Bernanke was a member of the Federal Reserve Board starting in 2002 and served as its chair from 2006 to 2014, helping shape and guide economic and monetary policy. He also was chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers from 2005 to 2006.
After teaching at Stanford Graduate School of Business from 1979 to 1985, Bernanke joined the Princeton faculty as a professor of economics and public affairs. In 1994, he was named the Class of 1926 Professor of Economics and Public Affairs. He became economics department chair in 1996 and also was named the Howard Harrison and Gabrielle Snyder Beck Professor of Economics and Public Affairs that same year. He?took public service leave from Princeton in 2002, when he joined the Federal Reserve Board, and resigned in 2005.
Markus Brunnermeier, the Edward S. Sanford Professor of Economics and director of the Bendheim Center, said Bernanke left his mark on Princeton’s economics department as chair, making many important hires throughout the 1990s, including fellow Nobel laureates Paul Krugman (2008), professor of economics and international affairs, emeritus, and Christopher Sims (2011), the John J.F. Sherrerd ’52 University Professor of Economics, Emeritus.
“Ben was foundational in shaping the economics department at Princeton,” Brunnermeier said. “He put a lot of energy into building up the department and founded the Bendheim Center. In this way, he not only pushed the research frontier in economics and finance, but also others’ research at Princeton University. He had a big impact on the profession.”
A toast, from?Bendheim Center and economics colleagues
Brunnermeier, Sims, Pesendorfer and Alan Blinder, the Gordon S. Rentschler Memorial Professor of?Economics?and?Public Affairs, were among those who attended a champagne toast honoring Bernanke at the Bendheim Center on Monday afternoon.
Several of those in attendance shared personal recollections of their work and their interactions with Bernanke.
“We remember him extremely fondly as a model of a department chair,” Pesendorfer said. “It couldn’t have happened to a nicer guy, so I’m extremely excited to celebrate this prize.”
Blinder, who played a prominent role in recruiting Bernanke to Princeton and who preceded Bernanke as a vice chairman of the board of governors of the Federal Reserve, said he felt fortunate having him as a colleague and a co-author at Princeton. He recalled recruiting Bernanke as “this young kid out of Stanford Business School,” remarking that he was a “superstar” even as a graduate student.
“I was bowled over by young Ben Bernanke's early work, and did everything I could to attract him to Princeton, where he fit perfectly and was very productive as a scholar,” Blinder said. “I practically cried when he left, though it was certainly for a good cause!"
Bernanke?remains chair of the Bendheim Center Advisory Council. He?earned his bachelor’s degree in economics from Harvard in 1975 and a Ph.D. in 1979 from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.?Princeton awarded him an?honorary degree during 2016 Commencement exercises.?He was the University's?2013 Baccalaureate speaker.?
The laureate joins a number of?other Princeton faculty and alumni who have been awarded Nobel Prizes.
Images of Bernanke?at Princeton are available for use by media. His Baccalaureate address and honorary degree citation are available for viewing on Princeton's YouTube channel.
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Ben S. Bernanke | Federal Reserve History
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Ben S. Bernanke
Ben S. Bernanke
Chairman, Board of Governors, 2006–2014
Governor, Board of Governors, 2002–2005
Ben Bernanke began a second term as chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in February 2010. He originally took office as chairman in February 2006, when he also began a fourteen-year term as a member of the Board of Governors. His second term as chairman ended in January 2014 when he was succeeded by Janet Yellen.Bernanke was born in Augusta, Georgia, and grew up in Dillon, South Carolina. He received a bachelor’s degree in economics in 1975 from Harvard University (summa cum laude) and a doctorate in economics in 1979 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Bernanke was an assistant professor of economics at the Graduate School of Business at Stanford University from 1979 to 1983 and associate professor of economics there from 1983 to 1985. His teaching career also included serving as a visiting professor of economics at New York University (1993) and at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1989–90).Beginning in 1985, Bernanke was a professor of economics and public affairs at Princeton University. From 1994 to 1996, Bernanke was the Class of 1926 Professor of Economics and Public Affairs at the university and was then the Howard Harrison and Gabrielle Snyder Beck Professor of Economics and Public Affairs and chair of the Economics Department at the university from 1996 to 2002 before becoming a member of the Board of Governors. Over the years, Bernanke has served the Federal Reserve System in several roles. He was a member of the Board of Governors from 2002 to 2005; a visiting scholar at the Federal Reserve Banks of Philadelphia (1987–89), Boston (1989–90), and New York (1990–91, 1994–96); and a member of the Academic Advisory Panel at the New York Fed (1990–2002). Before his appointment as chairman of the Board of Governors, Bernanke was chairman of the President’s Council of Economic Advisers, from June 2005 to January 2006.As chairman of the Board, Bernanke led the Federal Reserve’s response to the financial crisis of 2006–10 and Great Recession. During his tenure the Federal Reserve?took unprecedented steps to implement quantitative easing, a process whereby the central bank purchased billions of dollars of mortgage-backed securities and long-term treasuries to stimulate economic growth. Bernanke has also been credited with enhancing the Federal Reserve’s transparency and communications by holding quarterly press conferences to explain the decisions of the Federal Open Market Committee, providing forward guidance on short-term interest rates, and adopting a formal inflation target of 2 percent. Throughout his career, Bernanke has published many articles on a wide variety of economic issues, including monetary policy and macroeconomics, and he is the author of several scholarly books and two textbooks. He has held a Guggenheim Fellowship and a Sloan Fellowship, and he is a fellow of the Econometric Society and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Bernanke served as the director of the Monetary Economics Program of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and as a member of the NBER’s Business Cycle Dating Committee. In July 2001, he was appointed editor of the American Economic Review. Bernanke’s work with civic and professional groups includes having served two terms as a member of the Montgomery Township (New Jersey) Board of Education.Bernanke is married and has two children.Written by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. See disclaimer.
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新科諾獎得主伯南克的清華演講_騰訊新聞
新科諾獎得主伯南克的清華演講
2023年世界計量經(jīng)濟學(xué)會亞洲-中國年會(AMES)于2023年6月30日-7月2日由清華大學(xué)經(jīng)濟管理學(xué)院、清華大學(xué)中國財政稅收研究所、芝加哥大學(xué)貝克爾弗里德曼經(jīng)濟研究所中國中心聯(lián)合主辦。2022年諾貝爾經(jīng)濟學(xué)獎獲得者伯南克(Ben Bernanke)先生受邀于北京時間6月30日晨做了AMES大會主旨發(fā)言,下文主要根據(jù)他的發(fā)言整理而成。
【編者按】伯南克先生的發(fā)言以“What Caused the U.S. Pandemic-Era Inflation?”為題,通過理論與實證分析,闡述了導(dǎo)致這次美國大流行時期嚴重通脹的長期、短期如勞動力市場錯配等多種因素。伯南克先生此后還耐心回答了清華會議現(xiàn)場的一些精彩提問。當(dāng)然,編者對伯南克先生關(guān)于貨幣政策與金融穩(wěn)定關(guān)系的回答依然持保留意見,貨幣政策似乎還應(yīng)對金融不穩(wěn)定進行回應(yīng),而單純的宏觀審慎政策(macro prudential policy)可能仍是不足夠的。
What Caused the U.S. Pandemic-Era Inflation?
什么導(dǎo)致了美國大流行時期的通貨膨脹
很高興能夠向大家做這樣一次遠程報告,即使我們遠隔千山萬水。中國現(xiàn)在是早晨,所以很感激大家能夠起個大早來聽我的報告。這次我報告的題目是《什么導(dǎo)致了美國大流行時期的通貨膨脹》,是我在不到一個月之前和奧利維爾·布蘭查德(Olivier Blanchard)教授一起合作完成的。布蘭查德曾是MIT經(jīng)濟系的教授,也擔(dān)任過IMF的首席經(jīng)濟學(xué)家,現(xiàn)在他正在彼得森國際經(jīng)濟研究所(Peterson Institute)工作。論文的完整版可以從布魯金斯學(xué)會或者彼得森國際經(jīng)濟研究所的官網(wǎng)上找到(編者在文末也提供了下載鏈接)。
首先,讓我?guī)Т蠹蚁然仡櫼幌挛覀兊膯栴}和目前我們所做的工作。正如大家所知道的,為了應(yīng)對新冠大流行,美國政府實行了大規(guī)模的財政方案,而這里我想再強調(diào)一下這些財政方案的規(guī)模之大。例如,在疫情之初頒布的CARES法案,其主要金額指標(biāo)達到了2.2萬億美元;之后在美國大選之后,美國政府又頒布了金額達到9000億美元的補充法案;在拜登政府上臺之后,美國國會又通過了美國救援方案(American Rescue Plan),總金額達到了1.9萬億美元。所以在2020到2021年間,美國總計頒布了5萬億美元的財政刺激計劃。同時,如果與2008年金融危機相比,2020年至2021年美國政府財政刺激計劃占GDP比重達到2008年次貸危機時期復(fù)蘇與再投資法案(American Recovery and Reinvestment Act)的4.5倍之多。至于為什么這次財政方案的規(guī)模如此之大,在我看來,部分原因是國會希望憑借這些方案來實現(xiàn)災(zāi)害救援,因為很多人在疫情期間失去了工作、染上了疾病等等。
同時,如此大規(guī)模的財政方案同時也在宏觀經(jīng)濟領(lǐng)域也造成了影響。一方面,在2021年美國經(jīng)濟快速恢復(fù);但另一方面,大規(guī)模的財政支出也帶來了通貨膨脹。而早在這些政策頒布之初,學(xué)界就針對通貨膨脹問題有兩種不同的看法:該政策的支持者們,尤其是美聯(lián)儲和一些前美聯(lián)儲雇員認為,即使大規(guī)模的財政政策使失業(yè)率降到很低的水平,但是由于菲利普斯曲線非常的平緩,所以通脹反應(yīng)將會不太明顯,而且考慮到美聯(lián)儲在近幾十年來一直使通脹維持在相對低的水平,所以通脹預(yù)期也是較好錨定的(well-anchored),綜上所述即使會出現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟過熱,也不會出現(xiàn)嚴重的通脹;而反對者,例如像布蘭查德教授就認為,由于此次財政刺激政策規(guī)??涨埃芸赡軐?dǎo)致菲利普斯曲線變得不再平緩,而通脹預(yù)期也將會脫離錨定(de-anchor)。
事實表明,以上兩種看法都不完全正確。對于反對者的觀點,雖然在財政刺激政策頒布之后確實發(fā)生了通脹而且嚴重程度遠超預(yù)期,但是就業(yè)市場并沒有像他們預(yù)期那樣表現(xiàn)出過熱跡象。而這篇論文所要說明的便是,至少在最初階段,導(dǎo)致通貨膨脹的原因并不是勞動力市場過熱而導(dǎo)致的工資快速上漲,而是價格所遭受到的沖擊(shocks)。我們將主要關(guān)注商品價格沖擊、能源價格沖擊、食品價格沖擊以及供應(yīng)鏈問題導(dǎo)致的供給短缺問題。總的來說,并不是勞動力市場緊張導(dǎo)致了通貨膨脹,而是直接對價格的沖擊導(dǎo)致了通貨膨脹,這一點我將會在接下來的部分進行解釋。而以上這些觀點對于目前的政策制定也同樣有所啟示,目前對于價格的沖擊已經(jīng)在逐漸消退,但是在其之后,我們依然面對著持續(xù)增長的勞動力市場過熱情況,所以說,即使勞動力市場并非造成通貨膨脹的最初原因,但是它已經(jīng)逐漸成為通脹持續(xù)惡化的原因。因此,為了能夠遏制通脹,政府必須要平衡勞動力市場,降低職位空缺數(shù)和失業(yè)人數(shù)間的相對水平。
而我們這里所做的研究是較為清晰明了的,并不需要非常復(fù)雜的模型構(gòu)建。模型的核心主要涉及四個內(nèi)生變量,分別是工資(名義工資)、價格(通貨膨脹)、短期通脹預(yù)期和長期通脹預(yù)期。簡單來說,工資增長主要受到勞動力市場狀態(tài)、通脹預(yù)期和“補償效應(yīng)”(“catch-up” effect)的影響;價格也就是通脹則主要受到工資和其他成本沖擊的影響;而預(yù)期則會受到通脹的過去表現(xiàn)和現(xiàn)狀的影響。雖然不論理論模型亦或是實證模型都非常簡單,但是他們已經(jīng)可以提供很豐富的變化來解釋通貨膨脹的發(fā)展。
接下來,我將會花一些時間向大家介紹我們的模型。正如我之前提到的,我們的模型中將會涉及到四個內(nèi)生變量,也就是四個等式。
第一個等式也是最復(fù)雜的名義工資等式:
此處我們并沒有采用失業(yè)率來衡量勞動力緊張度,而是使用另一個指標(biāo)x,當(dāng)x越大表示勞動力市場越緊張,而工資上升則會越快,這一點在之后我會具體解釋。值得補充的是,此處“理想工資”指的是勞動者所期望最終實現(xiàn)的工資水平,這主要取決于勞動力市場的長期均衡,而“理想工資”也會隨著時間而變化,其等式為:
最后,總而言之,我們可以得到以下幾點結(jié)論:
首先,疫情的沖擊并沒有顛覆我們過去對于通貨膨脹的認識,像文中所使用的一個簡潔而傳統(tǒng)的工資-價格動態(tài)模型就能夠很好的對通貨膨脹進行解釋。當(dāng)然,相較于過去的模型,我們的分析也確實變得更加復(fù)雜,因為更多滯后的間接因素會起到作用,例如對價格的沖擊影響到工資、對工資的沖擊影響的價格、預(yù)期的影響等等。
其次,通過實證研究我們發(fā)現(xiàn),實際上是商品市場價格沖擊而非勞動力市場緊張度導(dǎo)致了最初的通貨膨脹。而由于經(jīng)濟對于通貨膨脹的反饋是較弱的,所以這些沖擊的影響會逐漸消退,所以并不需要干預(yù)經(jīng)濟運行或者勞動力市場來降低通脹水平。這對于我們來說是一件好事。
再次,雖然一些最初的通脹的影響已經(jīng)消散,例如在美國通貨膨脹的峰值一度達到了9%,目前已經(jīng)回落到4-5%的水平。但是目前真正值得我們擔(dān)心的是,雖然勞動力市場并沒有導(dǎo)致最初的通貨膨脹,但是目前其對于通貨膨脹的影響卻在不斷提升,而這種影響相較于商品市場的影響也是更加持久的,所以政府需要在勞動力市場采取一些措施來使得通貨膨脹下降到正常水平。而這對于失業(yè)率的影響則是難以確定的,這將主要取決于貝弗里奇曲線的變化:如果貝弗里奇曲線保持現(xiàn)狀,那么失業(yè)率將會有一定程度的上升,但幅度并不會太大;而如果貝弗里奇曲線恢復(fù)到疫情前的水平,那么對失業(yè)率的影響則會更小。
最后,我想說的是我們對于業(yè)界對于這篇文章的反應(yīng)感到高興,美聯(lián)儲主席鮑威爾在最近的一次會議中引用了我們的文章,而我們也得知一些主要的國家和地區(qū)的中央銀行,例如日本、英國和歐盟也將利用這個模型對他們自己的國家進行估計,我們也期待在接下來的一個月里將我們的結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)與他們的結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)進行比較,這也是我們目前正在開展的一項針對通貨膨脹的研究項目。以上是我的報告的全部內(nèi)容,接下來我會針對大家的一些問題進行回答。
【Q&A】
Q.特朗普所采取的關(guān)稅政策會如何影響美國當(dāng)前通脹水平?
A.目前已經(jīng)有很多關(guān)于特朗普政府時期對中國加征的關(guān)稅的影響的研究,我認為這確實會提高被征關(guān)稅產(chǎn)品的價格水平,但是這些影響基本上都是在疫情之前的。而如果從我們的模型的角度來看的話,關(guān)稅等類似貿(mào)易問題可以被“短缺”反映出來。但是總體來講,我認為這些影響都是在疫情之前的。
Q.為什么在經(jīng)歷如此嚴重的通脹的情況美元并沒有出現(xiàn)貶值的情況,以及這是否具有可持續(xù)性?
A.實際上我們并不難找出美元為什么表現(xiàn)如此強勁的原因。美聯(lián)儲將利率提高了500個基點,而且目前正在考慮繼續(xù)加息,這比其他任何國家都要多,所以更多的資本聚集導(dǎo)致了美元并沒有貶值。同時,雖然通脹最開始在美國十分嚴重,但是隨后在很多歐洲國家也變得十分嚴重。我預(yù)期在幾年之后通貨膨脹率和利率回到正常水平之后美元匯率也會有所回落,但是目前美聯(lián)儲仍然會采取激進的策略直到通貨膨脹降到合理的水平。
Q.美聯(lián)儲是否能夠承受超過2%的通貨膨脹率?
A.在目前的情況下,美聯(lián)儲必須要保證經(jīng)濟不會出現(xiàn)衰退失業(yè)率不會激增,因此短期來看可以接受通貨膨脹率超過2%的情況。但是從長久來看,美聯(lián)儲還是希望通貨膨脹率能夠維持在2%左右的水平,因為在過去超過30年里,美聯(lián)儲都成功的將通貨膨脹水平維持在了較低水準(zhǔn),因此如果沒能夠解決目前的通脹問題,將會對公眾的信心造成巨大的影響。所以我認為雖然可能要花很長的時間,但最終美聯(lián)儲仍然會將通貨膨脹降到2%左右的水準(zhǔn)。
Q.鑒于您之前提到美聯(lián)儲主席引用了您的文章,您是否認為宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)研究會影響到政策的制定?
A.我認為確實是這樣子的,例如在當(dāng)我擔(dān)任美聯(lián)儲主席的時候,我經(jīng)常會依托我之前對金融危機和大蕭條的研究。而我在布魯金斯學(xué)會工作之后,也參與到了美聯(lián)儲的一些框架性工作以及政策的制定中。所以總體來說,我認為宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)研究是十分重要的,但僅僅依靠宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)研究本身是不夠的。我認為目前鮑威爾在與市場、公眾和國會之間的溝通工作是十分出色的,這也是作為美聯(lián)儲主席所承擔(dān)的工作與經(jīng)濟學(xué)家不同的地方。所以說美聯(lián)儲主席是一個非常困難的工作,你必須要精通經(jīng)濟學(xué),又要懂得政治、歷史以及銀行系統(tǒng)管理等等。所以,很幸運的是美聯(lián)儲有很多優(yōu)秀的研究者來協(xié)助美聯(lián)儲的工作進行。
Q.您提到了很多關(guān)于價格沖擊對通貨膨脹的影響,如果從更深層次的角度來看,貨幣供給等基礎(chǔ)要素扮演了什么樣的作用?
A.這是我們這篇文章的一個不足之處,因為我們假設(shè)價格沖擊和勞動力市場緊張度是給定的,并以此為基礎(chǔ)來研究價格和工資的變化。針對商品市場,我們目前還沒有完全理解這背后作用邏輯。但是我們確定的是,對于價格沖擊,考慮目前國際貿(mào)易的恢復(fù)以及各國的財政政策,總需求是十分強烈的。這也從一個方面解釋了商品價格所扮演的角色以及為什么勞動力市場緊張度上升。我個人認為貨幣供給的關(guān)系或許并不像一些人所認為的那樣,它的上升是非常直接的,例如美國政府在通過了財政刺激法案之后會直接向民眾提供支票來幫助他們度過疫情時期,這也直接導(dǎo)致了貨幣供給的上升。因此,我認為財政政策在這方面發(fā)揮了十分重要的作用,因為貨幣供給是直接受到財政政策影響的。
Q.宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)家曾經(jīng)預(yù)測了美國和日本的資產(chǎn)負債表衰退,您認為資產(chǎn)負債表衰退理論對于中國宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)是否適用?
A.這個問題是十分有趣的,因為中國的經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)是完全不同的。我認為主要擔(dān)心可能主要在于房地產(chǎn)行業(yè)等部門,但是我認為政府會采取更加積極主動的姿態(tài)來幫助房地產(chǎn)行業(yè)和銀行金融業(yè)恢復(fù)到正常水平,而且中國政府在財政方面還有很大的運作空間,因為中國政府的債務(wù)水平并不算太高。我認為雖然目前發(fā)生了一些問題,但是過去中國也曾經(jīng)成功解決了銀行業(yè)危機和金融危機。在我看來,雖然我并不是中國方面的專家,但是中國可能需要重新考慮一下結(jié)構(gòu)增長問題,例如中國過去的增長很大程度上依靠的是基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)和房地產(chǎn)市場的發(fā)展,我認為可能需要在發(fā)展結(jié)構(gòu)上做出一些平衡,例如更加偏向于消費支出和私人投資,從而實現(xiàn)更健康持久的發(fā)展。而回到資產(chǎn)負債表問題,這主要是金融和杠桿問題,但這與美國和歐洲并不相同,因為政府在金融部門所承擔(dān)的責(zé)任不同。
Q.基于您的研究,您對美國經(jīng)濟的衰退的可能性有什么樣的看法?
A.就像我之前一直所說的那樣,并不會存在衰退,目前的情況要溫和得許多。雖然目前有很多關(guān)于衰退的預(yù)測,但目前經(jīng)濟表現(xiàn)依然很強勁,第四季度增長率達到了2%,已經(jīng)接近了正常水平。而勞動力市場表現(xiàn)也很好,美國的資產(chǎn)負債表也很不錯,整體來看企業(yè)的資產(chǎn)狀況也比較良好。我認為經(jīng)濟會放緩,以及失業(yè)率會上升,但是從目前情況來看這更接近于溫和的經(jīng)濟放緩而不是經(jīng)濟衰退。當(dāng)然預(yù)測也會存在不準(zhǔn)確。
Q.您認為美聯(lián)儲對于金融穩(wěn)定性有什么樣的看法?
A.金融穩(wěn)定性是一項很重要的工作,這一點早在上世紀(jì)30年代為了應(yīng)對銀行危機就已經(jīng)被確立下來。我認為美聯(lián)儲對于金融穩(wěn)定性的看法是,由于金融的不穩(wěn)定性,導(dǎo)致了它很難滿足宏觀的經(jīng)濟目標(biāo),例如失業(yè)率、通貨膨脹率等等。在我看來,美聯(lián)儲盡力去維持金融的穩(wěn)定性,雖然這并不一定成功。但是我們也可以看到,美聯(lián)儲可以從一些管理性的政策,例如指導(dǎo)通脹率和失業(yè)率的政策,分離出一些政策來保證金融的穩(wěn)定性。例如在今年三月份,硅谷銀行倒閉時,即使美聯(lián)儲在不斷加息,美國聯(lián)邦存款保險公司(FDIC)實行了專項計劃來保護整個銀行系統(tǒng)不受加息政策的影響。我認為美聯(lián)儲在頒布政策時候會針對不同的目標(biāo)對政策進行分割,但是我同意金融穩(wěn)定性是美聯(lián)儲工作的中心目標(biāo)。
Q.考利到您選取數(shù)據(jù)時僅僅選擇了一個區(qū)間的數(shù)據(jù),請問您在建構(gòu)模型的時候的時候是否考慮了結(jié)構(gòu)性突破的問題?
A.這實際上是我沒來得及討論的地方,就像我在最開始提到的,我們僅僅采用截止到了2019年的數(shù)據(jù)。在我們模型的四個等式中,只有價格等式運用到了所有的數(shù)據(jù),因為它包含了“短缺”變量,但是整體上來看我們的模型在利用疫情期間的數(shù)據(jù)進行檢驗也表現(xiàn)出了不錯的穩(wěn)健性。我也認為能看到我們的模型即使在疫情期間也有不錯的表現(xiàn)是非常有趣,但是必須要保證確定正確的沖擊和動態(tài)變化,這也是我們在模型中所著重做的。
Q.最后,我注意到您在研究過程中運用了很多分割的單獨市場的數(shù)據(jù),所以我想了解一下您對模型研究方法的看法,是更加傾向于高度匯總的模式還是更加分割的模式?
A.這是一個很不錯的問題,我認為我們研究的目的是使用更加匯總的方法來進行研究。針對通貨膨脹不同的人有不同的看法,有的人認為會從總體需求的角度來看待這個問題,而我們也會在一些新聞里看到一些人會從單獨的市場來研究通貨膨脹,例如汽車市場、租賃市場等等。這里我們想要做的是構(gòu)建一個模型從經(jīng)濟整體角度來解釋通貨膨脹,但同時也能夠很好的契合每一個單一市場的數(shù)據(jù)。我們認為我們所采用的研究方法對于數(shù)據(jù)的契合程度是很好的,所以說,我認為在宏觀領(lǐng)域的實證研究越來越依賴于宏觀數(shù)據(jù)的應(yīng)用,但是為了能夠從一個更全面的角度來理解宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué),我們依然需要從一個更高的視角來看待問題。
講稿整理校對 劉明洋 清華大學(xué)
參考文獻略。
來源:法律經(jīng)濟與人類發(fā)展
Ben S. Bernanke | NBER
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Ben S. Bernanke
Ben S. Bernanke
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本·伯南克 - MBA智庫百科
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本·伯南克(Ben Shalom Bernanke)
本·伯南克(Ben Shalom Bernanke),也譯為本·貝南克——美國經(jīng)濟學(xué)家、前美國聯(lián)邦儲備局主席、2022年諾貝爾經(jīng)濟學(xué)獎獲得者之一
目錄
1 本·伯南克簡介
2 本·伯南克的生平
3 美聯(lián)儲工作經(jīng)歷
4 政策主張和主要見解
5 學(xué)術(shù)成就
6 主要著作
[編輯]本·伯南克簡介
本·伯南克(Ben Shalom Bernanke,1953年12月13日-),美國經(jīng)濟學(xué)家,前美國聯(lián)邦儲備局主席。生于美國佐治亞州奧古斯塔,1979年獲麻省理工學(xué)院經(jīng)濟學(xué)博士學(xué)位。伯南克有神童的稱號,大學(xué)入學(xué)考試SAT成績1590分,離滿分僅差10分,被哈佛大學(xué)錄取。
伯南克在普林斯頓大學(xué)任教17年,曾擔(dān)任經(jīng)濟學(xué)系主任。
從1987年起成為美聯(lián)儲訪問學(xué)者,期間1987年至1989年在費城聯(lián)邦儲備銀行、1989年至1990年在波士頓聯(lián)邦儲備銀行、1990年至1991 年與1994年至1996年兩次就職于紐約聯(lián)邦儲備銀行。
2002年被布什任命為美聯(lián)儲理事。2005年6月,擔(dān)任總統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟顧問委員會主席。10月被任命為下任美國聯(lián)邦儲備局主席,接替格林斯潘。
2006年2月1日接任格林斯潘出任美聯(lián)儲主席。
2009年12月,伯南克當(dāng)選美國《時代》周刊2009年年度人物。
2010年1月28日,獲得美國國會參議院最終投票確認連任,2014年2月1日到任,任期4年。
2014年2月3日,前美聯(lián)儲伯南克將加盟布魯金斯學(xué)會,參與經(jīng)濟研究項目,重點關(guān)注經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇政策。
[編輯]本·伯南克的生平
1975年,伯南克在哈佛大學(xué)獲得經(jīng)濟學(xué)最優(yōu)等成績,并于1979年在麻省理工學(xué)院(MIT)獲得博士學(xué)位。在麻省理工學(xué)院攻讀博士學(xué)位時,伯南克最感興趣的有兩件事:美國20世紀(jì)30年代的經(jīng)濟大蕭條和波士頓紅襪棒球隊?!斑M入麻省理工后的第一個秋季,我逃了許多堂課,就為了看棒球聯(lián)賽。”伯南克回憶說。那一年,波士頓紅襪隊輸?shù)袅吮荣?,他至今仍為此傷心。同時,伯南克對美國經(jīng)濟大蕭條的濃厚興趣使他潛心思考和研究大蕭條的原因,并開始長期關(guān)注通貨緊縮對經(jīng)濟所構(gòu)成的威脅。
伯南克的大部分生活都與校園緊密聯(lián)系在一起。完成學(xué)業(yè)后,他直接把身份轉(zhuǎn)換成了教師從事學(xué)術(shù)工作。1979-1983年,本-伯南克博士擔(dān)任斯坦福大學(xué)研究生院經(jīng)濟學(xué)助理教授;1983-1985年,他擔(dān)任斯坦福大學(xué)研究生院經(jīng)濟學(xué)副教授。這期間,他發(fā)表了一篇影響深遠的論文,分析了20世紀(jì)30年代美國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展停滯的根源所在。他并不重視美聯(lián)儲允許貨幣供應(yīng)下降而造成的損害,而是將關(guān)注重點轉(zhuǎn)移至美金融系統(tǒng)失靈的問題上。
1985年,本-伯南克博士轉(zhuǎn)到普林斯頓大學(xué)擔(dān)任經(jīng)濟和政治事務(wù)教授;1996-2002年,他出任普林斯頓大學(xué)經(jīng)濟系主任,為這所名校吸引了不少經(jīng)濟學(xué)人才。在普林斯頓大學(xué)任經(jīng)濟系主任期間,伯南克除在學(xué)術(shù)方面頗有建樹外,在協(xié)調(diào)人際關(guān)系方面也顯露了天賦。他從不認為自己比同事們更聰明或者職權(quán)更大,而是習(xí)慣于傾聽不同的聲音。他也從不參與政治紛爭。在從事教學(xué)活動期間,本-伯南克博士還是麻省理工學(xué)院經(jīng)濟學(xué)訪問教授(1989-1990)紐約大學(xué)經(jīng)濟學(xué)訪問教授(1993年)。
2002年8月5日,本-伯南克博士進入美聯(lián)儲,作為決策委員會的候選成員,并于2003 年11月14日被推選為美聯(lián)儲委員會正式委員。2005年6月,伯南克擔(dān)任總統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟顧問委員會主席。但是其實,早在正式進入美聯(lián)儲之前,本-伯南克博士就已經(jīng)擔(dān)任過一些美聯(lián)儲的職務(wù),他是費拉德爾菲亞聯(lián)邦儲備銀行(1987-89)、波士頓聯(lián)邦儲備銀行(1989-90)和紐約聯(lián)邦儲備銀行(1990-91、1994-96)的訪問學(xué)者,此外,他還是紐約聯(lián)邦儲備銀行學(xué)術(shù)顧問小組的成員(1990-2002)。
[編輯]美聯(lián)儲工作經(jīng)歷
“另類”理事
當(dāng)伯南克2002年被布什選為美聯(lián)儲理事的時候,他顯得有些惶恐,不過這顯然情有可原:他在普林斯頓大學(xué)的好友兼同事、經(jīng)濟學(xué)家艾倫·布林德此前在美聯(lián)儲副主席的職位上只呆了兩年,就因為和格林斯潘意見不合而走人,重新回到了學(xué)術(shù)界。
在離開學(xué)術(shù)界進入美聯(lián)儲以來的近三年里,伯南克更多的仍然是表現(xiàn)出了自己的學(xué)者風(fēng)范,而不像是一個體制內(nèi)的政治決策者。憑借著自己腦子里的諸多新想法,他很快就為自己贏得了“個人創(chuàng)意工廠”的稱號。他的自由思想方式在那些早就習(xí)慣了美聯(lián)儲高度謹慎行事風(fēng)格的銀行家和投資者中很受歡迎。
不過令人驚奇的是,雖然伯南克的思維非常獨立和活躍,但美聯(lián)儲此時表現(xiàn)出了更大的寬容。在2004年一次采訪中,伯南克表示:“我認為,我的很大一部分貢獻,是我作為一名學(xué)術(shù)界人士、一名智囊人員所做出的。美聯(lián)儲里沒有人試圖來協(xié)調(diào)我的觀點,也沒有人叫我閉嘴?!?/p>
在進入美聯(lián)儲后,伯南克迅速展示了自己善于引導(dǎo)市場和決策層就某一焦點問題展開辯論的才能。 2002年冬,美國經(jīng)濟界開始擔(dān)憂通貨膨脹的危險,他此時就出面暗示,美聯(lián)儲可能采用包括印發(fā)更多貨幣等非常規(guī)措施,來制止通貨膨脹的出現(xiàn)。此言一出,立即引起了金融市場的高度關(guān)注。匯豐銀行首席經(jīng)濟學(xué)家斯蒂芬·金評價說:“伯南克關(guān)于非常規(guī)貨幣政策的講話非常重要,因為它是在向市場保證,美聯(lián)儲將采取一切必要手段(來防止通貨膨脹)?!?/p>
2005年初,世界金融市場再次將注意力投向伯南克的“世界正在遭受儲蓄過剩煎熬”的經(jīng)濟新理論。他在這一理論中指出,美國的經(jīng)常性賬目逆差并不是美國人肆意揮霍消費的惡果,而是世界其他地區(qū)國家過分節(jié)儉的結(jié)果。伯南克的這一新理論已經(jīng)成為了本年度經(jīng)濟界爭論的一大焦點。
同時,伯南克在美聯(lián)儲中也以自己支持設(shè)立通貨膨脹目標(biāo)的堅定立場而出名,在這一點上,他少見地和美聯(lián)儲主席格林斯潘意見相左。
在美聯(lián)儲工作期間,伯南克以善于合作、為人坦誠而深受同事的贊賞。他習(xí)慣運用其學(xué)術(shù)背景和對最新數(shù)據(jù)的縝密分析來解決當(dāng)下的經(jīng)濟問題,然后用非專業(yè)人士也能理解的語言讓人們了解他的想法,把復(fù)雜的經(jīng)濟問題講得通俗易懂、直截了當(dāng)。一位同僚這樣概括未來的主席:“他性格有點靦腆,平常衣著樸素,與布什在高層經(jīng)濟決策職位上偏好選擇的企業(yè)高級管理人士相比,他顯得非常另類。”
然而,這位一絲不茍的經(jīng)濟學(xué)家也會偶爾大發(fā)童真。布什曾嘲笑到白宮橢圓形辦公室參加會議的伯南克穿黑西裝時居然穿著不配套的棕色襪子。第二天又有一個布什出席的會議,伯南克提前來到會議室,向其他的與會者每人發(fā)了一雙棕色襪子。當(dāng)布什駕到時,發(fā)現(xiàn)會議室里所有人都穿著棕色襪子。
美聯(lián)儲里的陌生人
2002年初的一天,正在學(xué)校辦公的伯南克接到了一個來自華盛頓的電話。電話的那頭是時任美國總統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟顧問委員會主席的格倫·哈伯德(Glenn Hubbard)。他代表總統(tǒng)小布什詢問伯南克,是否有興趣改變一下現(xiàn)狀,走出學(xué)校,去為美聯(lián)儲工作。
接到這個邀請后,伯南克猶豫了。對于他這樣一個久居象牙塔的人來說,為聯(lián)儲工作將意味著放棄很多東西:他將遠離熟悉的教學(xué)和科研,辭掉剛剛擔(dān)任不久的《美國經(jīng)濟評論》的主編(《美國經(jīng)濟評論》是經(jīng)濟學(xué)界影響最大的雜志,對于經(jīng)濟學(xué)者來說,擔(dān)任該刊的主編是一個極高的榮譽),甚至自己的女兒都要離開她的伙伴,跟自己轉(zhuǎn)學(xué)到華盛頓。不過,作為一個宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)家,學(xué)以致用的沖動最終說服了他,于是他向哈伯德回應(yīng)道,愿意去華盛頓“參加面試”。
這場“面試”進行得十分輕松愉快。在詢問了伯南克幾個問題后,小布什總統(tǒng)就認定他是擔(dān)任美聯(lián)儲理事的合適人選。在經(jīng)過了一些例行的審核之后,小布什于5月正式提名了伯南克。8月,伯南克就在格林斯潘的見證下,正式加入了美聯(lián)儲。
伯南克加入美聯(lián)儲時,正是美國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的好時期,但在那段時間里,伯南克卻一直過得不太開心。作為一名學(xué)者,他在更多時間里更像是美聯(lián)儲里的一個陌生人。
在貨幣大師格林斯潘操刀的貨幣政策之下,經(jīng)濟增長穩(wěn)定,通貨膨脹平穩(wěn),從宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)的角度看,所有的一切都很好。然而,作為一名研究大蕭條出身的專家,對經(jīng)濟危機的憂慮卻總是縈繞在伯南克的腦海中。在對全美經(jīng)濟學(xué)家俱樂部的演講(這也是他加入聯(lián)儲后的第一次公眾演講)中,他表達了這個看法。他指出:盡管經(jīng)濟正在復(fù)蘇,但通貨緊縮和嚴重的經(jīng)濟衰退依然可能出現(xiàn),如果這樣的情況發(fā)生,美聯(lián)儲應(yīng)該對其有所應(yīng)對。不久之后,他又在兩次演講中重申了這一觀點。不過,當(dāng)時的多數(shù)人都對伯南克的看法不以為然。事實上,當(dāng)時不僅普通人認為大蕭條絕不可能重來,甚至連多數(shù)經(jīng)濟學(xué)家也持有類似的觀點。例如,理性預(yù)期學(xué)派的領(lǐng)軍人物、1995年諾獎得主羅伯特·盧卡斯(Robert Lucas)就在2003年的一次演講中公開宣稱:“經(jīng)濟危機的核心已經(jīng)被解決了?!?/p>
2006年,執(zhí)掌美聯(lián)儲長達19年的傳奇人物格林斯潘卸任,伯南克被任命為美聯(lián)儲主席。在格林斯潘掌舵美聯(lián)儲時期,為了刺激經(jīng)濟,一直采用低利率政策,這一政策在房地產(chǎn)市場上催生了巨大的泡沫,這也催生了次級抵押貸款市場的迅速發(fā)展。與此同時,格林斯潘又奉行放任政策,對衍生品市場上的各種創(chuàng)新少有監(jiān)管。在這樣的背景下,金融機構(gòu)將蘊含巨大風(fēng)險的次級貸款打包成各種金融產(chǎn)品進行出售,于是,產(chǎn)生于次貸市場的風(fēng)險就彌漫了整個經(jīng)濟。這就好像,整個世界都已經(jīng)鋪滿了火藥,就等火被點燃了。
幾乎就在伯南克接棒格林斯潘的同時,火被點燃了。從2006年的春季開始,市場預(yù)期發(fā)生了改變,房地產(chǎn)價格開始出現(xiàn)下降,次貸違約現(xiàn)象開始出現(xiàn)。本來,這只不過是一個小火苗,市場自身的調(diào)節(jié)很快就能把它掐滅。不過,在各種衍生品、金融杠桿的助推之下,這個小火苗卻逐步變成了燎原的大火。到了2007年,次貸危機已經(jīng)波及了全世界,歐美股市出現(xiàn)了全線暴跌,大批金融機構(gòu)出現(xiàn)了巨大虧損,甚至有一些機構(gòu)還瀕臨倒閉。雖然所有的禍根都是在格林斯潘的任期內(nèi)埋下的,但很不幸,伯南克卻成了“接盤俠”。
盡管伯南克一直都防備著危機,但遺憾的是,他并沒有預(yù)料到危機發(fā)生的確切方向。這當(dāng)然不能怪他,事實上,在他接受的經(jīng)濟學(xué)訓(xùn)練中,金融只在宏觀經(jīng)濟中扮演了一個非常不起眼的角色,即使他的BGG模型都被人認為言過其實。但在真實世界中,金融創(chuàng)新的發(fā)展,尤其是金融衍生品的復(fù)雜程度卻遠遠超出了象牙塔內(nèi)那些學(xué)者的想象,憑借標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的經(jīng)濟學(xué)訓(xùn)練,即使能夠預(yù)感到危機,也難以找到危機的位置。
幸運的是,經(jīng)濟學(xué)訓(xùn)練雖然沒有讓伯南克可以先知先覺,防患未然,卻足以讓他在危機發(fā)生的時候不至于驚慌失措。面對金融市場的全線告急,流動性的迅速枯竭,他很快認識到,其實整個市場的金融風(fēng)險主要集中在幾家關(guān)鍵的金融中介機構(gòu)身上,正是它們的告急導(dǎo)致了恐慌和擠兌。因此,要想拯救整個金融市場,就必須給這些金融機構(gòu)提供流動性,以保證它們能夠在危機中挺住。在這種信念之下,他說服并帶領(lǐng)美聯(lián)儲人員,制訂并實施了一系列對于關(guān)鍵機構(gòu)的救助計劃。從后來的發(fā)展看,這些救助對于穩(wěn)住金融市場、遏制金融風(fēng)險的蔓延是十分重要的。
然而,這些金融措施雖然幫助金融市場挺過了危機,卻把伯南克本人推到了風(fēng)口浪尖之上。伯南克的方案是針對關(guān)鍵金融機構(gòu)的,這個方案讓他里外不是人——主張強干預(yù)的人認為,伯南克這種做法太過畏手畏腳,使得危機難以被迅速遏制。而主張自由放任的人則認為,伯南克主張援助那些貪婪的大型金融機構(gòu)完全是對市場的扭曲,這種做法很可能在未來助長道德風(fēng)險。我想,在當(dāng)時,伯南克一定有著極為巨大的心理壓力。事實上,他本人在制定這些救助方案時,心里就充滿了掙扎。作為一名學(xué)者,他是信仰自由市場、痛恨那些利用市場牟利的金融寡頭的,但在當(dāng)時的環(huán)境下,他卻不得不去拯救那些自作自受的金融寡頭。
危機來得很猛,但去得也比較快。不久之后,金融市場上的混亂基本結(jié)束了,但是,伯南克并沒有因此而輕松。當(dāng)危機過去后,下面要做的就是經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇。但怎么推動這一切呢?當(dāng)時,主流的觀點是實行寬松的貨幣政策,保持一個較高的通脹率,直到經(jīng)濟增長和就業(yè)恢復(fù)。包括美聯(lián)儲副主席(也是后來的主席)珍妮特·耶倫(Janet Yellen)、芝加哥聯(lián)儲主席查爾斯·伊文思(Charles Evans)、紐約聯(lián)儲主席威廉·達德利(William Dudley)在內(nèi)的一眾大佬都支持這種方案。不過,作為一名優(yōu)秀的貨幣經(jīng)濟學(xué)家,伯南克對這種激進的方案卻很猶豫。他當(dāng)然知道,寬松的貨幣政策更利于增長,但他也深知,通脹就像是毒品,一旦用上了就很難停下來,而這對于經(jīng)濟的傷害可能是十分致命的。在綜合考慮了經(jīng)濟增長和物價穩(wěn)定這兩個目標(biāo)之后,伯南克選擇了比較中庸的道路,通過量化寬松,把通脹維持在一個相對溫和的位置。
顯然,這個方案又遭遇了大量的責(zé)難。干預(yù)派指責(zé)這過于謹小慎微了。比如,那位由伯南克親自招入普林斯頓的“大嘴”克魯格曼就在自己的博客上公開批判伯南克治下的美聯(lián)儲展現(xiàn)出“可恥的”消極態(tài)度,而伯南克本人則被其斥為是“軟骨頭”。而與此同時,自由放任的支持者則批評伯南克用貨幣政策扭曲了經(jīng)濟的自我調(diào)節(jié)。例如,經(jīng)濟史學(xué)者艾倫·梅爾澤(Allan Meltzer)就認為當(dāng)時困擾美國的高失業(yè)率并不是貨幣問題,伯南克試圖用貨幣政策去調(diào)節(jié)經(jīng)濟其實是在做超出能力范圍的事。
2010年時,伯南克任美聯(lián)儲主席滿一屆,在參議院審議其連任申請時,得票是70比30,而格林斯潘在上一次連任時,得票則是89比4。兩相對比之下,就可以看到這位幫助美國渡過了最困難時刻的英雄到底有多么受爭議。
在第二個任期,伯南克的主要任務(wù)依然是在通脹與經(jīng)濟增長這兩個目標(biāo)之間走鋼絲。為了兼顧這兩個目標(biāo),他一邊小心翼翼地制定量化寬松政策,一邊又仔細地評估經(jīng)濟狀況,以求在合適的時候退出量化寬松。然而,伯南克并沒有在自己的任期內(nèi)結(jié)束量化寬松。2014年1月,伯南克任滿,如何在兩個目標(biāo)之間走鋼絲的任務(wù)從此甩給了他的繼任者耶倫。值得慶幸的是,在伯南克卸任前,美國經(jīng)濟狀況已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了明顯好轉(zhuǎn),社會上對其的評價也開始改善。路透社曾在2013年底對金融分析師進行了一次調(diào)查,讓他們給伯南克的任職表現(xiàn)打分,結(jié)果顯示,在10分的總分中,分析師們打出的平均分為8分。
當(dāng)伯南克從美聯(lián)儲主席的位置上退下后,他終于可以回歸學(xué)術(shù)界,以一個旁觀者的姿態(tài)來觀察美聯(lián)儲、觀察經(jīng)濟了。他選擇加入了美國著名的智庫布魯金斯學(xué)會,出任那兒的杰出研究員。有意思的是,他為自己選擇的研究話題依然是“從大蕭條中促進經(jīng)濟強勁復(fù)蘇”。
[編輯]政策主張和主要見解
伯南克有一個綽號“印刷報紙的本”,這個綽號起源于他與格林斯潘在通貨膨脹問題上的分歧,公眾賜予伯南克這個雅號是基于他的一個觀點:如果有需要,就可以通過大量印刷鈔票的方法來增加流動性。
但是,伯南克認為這個雅號曲解了他的本意,他主張設(shè)定一個明確的通脹目標(biāo),即要在一定時期內(nèi)使通脹率保持在某個特定水平。他認為,這樣做既可以引導(dǎo)市場對通貨膨脹的預(yù)期,也有助于美聯(lián)儲提高其價格穩(wěn)定目標(biāo)的可信度。
2002-2003年,在解決美國的通貨緊縮問題上,伯南克就已經(jīng)在業(yè)界獲得極大的知名度,他當(dāng)時極力鼓吹降息,結(jié)果導(dǎo)致美國聯(lián)邦基金利率下降到1%(45年來的最低點)。
對于石油價格的上升,伯南克認為,石油和其它常規(guī)能源供應(yīng)吃緊且存在著不確定性因素,而全球經(jīng)濟的快速擴張帶來需求的增長,在這種局面下,能源消費者可能在今后幾年內(nèi)感受到沉重的壓力。雖然從長期來講,能源價格的上漲有可能致使經(jīng)濟增長放緩,但我們認為,已然居高不下的油價不大可能進一步大幅上漲,因此油價對經(jīng)濟的長期影響應(yīng)該在可控制范圍內(nèi)。
關(guān)于美國的“雙赤字”問題,伯南克認為,美國外債膨脹的一個主要原因是“發(fā)展中國家和新興市場國家經(jīng)常項目的實質(zhì)性轉(zhuǎn)變”,這種轉(zhuǎn)變將這些國家從國際資本市場上的借款者變成凈放款者。窮國的錢對美國經(jīng)常項目赤字起到推波助瀾的作用。
關(guān)于“全球儲蓄過?!迸c房地產(chǎn)泡沫,伯南克指出,在經(jīng)歷低迷后的世界經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇后,企業(yè)投資欲望低迷,而大量的金融資產(chǎn)在國際上到處尋找投資目標(biāo),美國乃至多國股市的崩盤仍使不少資金持有者心有余悸,于是,住宅房地產(chǎn)便成為最受青睞的投資領(lǐng)域之一。資金進入美國后,首先抬升股價,從而既鼓勵消費者也鼓勵投資者。當(dāng)股市資金充溢時,這些資金又轉(zhuǎn)向債券市場,導(dǎo)致房價上升,消費更加活躍。
伯南克還有一個理論貢獻,就是主張在宏觀經(jīng)濟模型中加入更多的經(jīng)濟指標(biāo)來決定貨幣政策的取向,以便實現(xiàn)更加有效的經(jīng)濟穩(wěn)定。并且,他也撰寫了大量的論文來說明他設(shè)計的一些方法。
[編輯]學(xué)術(shù)成就
大蕭條和金融加速器
在學(xué)術(shù)研究上,伯南克最大的貢獻有兩個,一是對1929年大蕭條的經(jīng)濟史研究,二是對“金融加速器”的理論探討。
在宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)中,對大蕭條的解釋一直被視為“圣杯”。在伯南克之前,已經(jīng)有很多著名學(xué)者對其給出了自己的解釋。例如,凱恩斯主義者認為,大蕭條的產(chǎn)生源于有效需求不足,而貨幣主義者則認為,大蕭條源于貨幣供應(yīng)量的崩潰。伯南克的解釋在一定程度上可以視為以上這些觀點的綜合。與貨幣主義者的觀點類似,伯南克認為大蕭條的發(fā)生確實是源于流動性緊縮,但造成這一切的根源卻是當(dāng)時存在的金本位制度。正是金本位制度的固有缺陷導(dǎo)致了20世紀(jì)30年代的黃金盈余國對黃金流入進行沖銷,從而引發(fā)了貨幣收緊。而這種貨幣的緊縮又通過金本位制度傳導(dǎo)到了全世界。伯南克在書中援引了大量的事實和數(shù)據(jù),說明了越早放棄金本位制的國家,從大蕭條中復(fù)蘇越快,從而反證了金本位制度的存在乃是大蕭條的根源。當(dāng)然,除了需求方的因素外,伯南克也討論了供給因素的影響。他著重分析了工資剛性的重要性。他認為,由于民眾對政府的巨大壓力,政府不得不通過行政政策維持一個較高的名義工資,而這顯然會造成更多失業(yè),讓大蕭條持續(xù)更久。
由于對大蕭條有深入研究,相比于同期的宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)家,伯南克更加清晰地認識到了金融因素在經(jīng)濟發(fā)展中的作用。而他的“金融加速器”理論就是這種關(guān)注的體現(xiàn)。
所謂金融加速器,顧名思義,就是金融系統(tǒng)對于沖擊的放大和加強作用。在1989年發(fā)表的論文《代理成本、凈值與經(jīng)濟波動》(Agency costs, Net Worth and business fluctuations)中,伯南克及其合作者馬克格特勒(Mark Gertler)一起討論了這個問題。在伯南克之前,莫迪格里亞尼和米勒曾提出過一個融資結(jié)構(gòu)無關(guān)的理論,也就是著名的MM定理。根據(jù)MM定理,如果金融市場是完美的,那么企業(yè)的投資行為就不會受到融資結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,其價值也會獨立于融資結(jié)構(gòu)。伯南克和格特勒認為,在現(xiàn)實中,這個假說顯然不成立?,F(xiàn)實中,金融市場是不完美的,因而外部融資的代理成本會高于內(nèi)部融資。在這種情況下,企業(yè)的投資就會受到企業(yè)資產(chǎn)負債狀況的影響。充足的現(xiàn)金流和高資產(chǎn)凈值會從兩個渠道影響投資。直接的,它本身就可以構(gòu)成內(nèi)部融資的來源,從而激發(fā)企業(yè)的投資意愿。間接的,它還可以為企業(yè)提供更多抵押品,從而減少外部融資成本。當(dāng)企業(yè)受到?jīng)_擊時,其現(xiàn)金流和凈值當(dāng)然會受到影響,而這種影響本身又會進一步放大沖擊的效用,由此,金融市場對沖擊的放大效應(yīng)就出現(xiàn)了。在伯南克看來,金融市場越不完美,代理成本越高,這種放大效應(yīng)就越明顯。而代理成本本身是反周期的,因此它就會延長周期,放大周期。
需要指出的是,雖然“金融加速器”的基本思想出現(xiàn)于1989年的論文,但它作為一個名詞正式出現(xiàn)卻是在1996年與格特勒及西蒙·吉爾切菲斯特(Simon Gilchfist)合作的論文《金融加速器與安全投資轉(zhuǎn)移》(The Financial Accelerator and the Flight to Quality)中。此后,三位作者又在1999年的論文《一個數(shù)量化商業(yè)周期框架中的金融加速器》(The Financial Accelerator in a Quantitative Business Cycle Framework)中對這個思想進行了更為嚴格的模型表述。由于三位作者的名字首字母分別為B、G、G,因此這個模型常被稱為“BGG模型”。
在BGG模型中,金融加速器效應(yīng)被融入了新凱恩斯主義的模型中。它清晰地告訴人們,在整個宏觀經(jīng)濟中,經(jīng)濟沖擊是怎樣通過金融市場放大的,而金融市場的效率又是如何影響金融加速器的大小的。除此之外,BGG模型還為央行的干預(yù)提供了更為堅實的理論基礎(chǔ)。在傳統(tǒng)的凱恩斯主義框架中,央行對經(jīng)濟的影響主要是通過利率對實際收入的影響實現(xiàn)的——當(dāng)利率更低時,人們的實際收入就會更高,因而有效需求就可以更大。而考慮了金融加速器效應(yīng)后,利率對于經(jīng)濟的作用渠道就更多了:當(dāng)利率降低時,企業(yè)的凈值將會增高,這有助于增加企業(yè)的凈資產(chǎn),減少企業(yè)的融資成本,進而導(dǎo)致企業(yè)投資的增加。顯然,這個發(fā)現(xiàn)對于日后伯南克作為美聯(lián)儲主席應(yīng)對金融危機是起到了很大的啟發(fā)作用的。
[編輯]主要著作
《微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)原理》
本書的一大特色是摒棄了以往教材對數(shù)學(xué)推導(dǎo)的過度依賴,更多地通過范例給出直觀的經(jīng)濟學(xué)概念和觀點。作者引入了一些核心原理,然后通過大量的事例給予說明,應(yīng)用為數(shù)不多的核心原理解釋絕大部分經(jīng)濟現(xiàn)象。書中還配有與這些原理相關(guān)的問題和練習(xí)題,以供學(xué)生課后練習(xí)使用。正是通過對這些原理近乎不厭其煩的分析與應(yīng)用,以確保大多數(shù)學(xué)生在學(xué)完這門課程時能夠?qū)λ鼈冇猩羁痰睦斫獠⒛茉鷮嵉卣莆?,相比之下,傳統(tǒng)的百科全書式教科書使學(xué)生陷于眾多復(fù)雜繁鎖的細節(jié)知識中,以至于學(xué)生在結(jié)束課程之后,無法做到學(xué)以致用。
本書的另一特色是加強了對學(xué)生的經(jīng)濟學(xué)應(yīng)用能力的培養(yǎng),重視調(diào)動學(xué)習(xí)的主動性與積極性,鼓勵讀者用基本的經(jīng)濟學(xué)原理和解釋發(fā)生在自己周圍的一些實際問題。作為微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)入門水平的教材,它體現(xiàn)微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)的現(xiàn)代特征,并擁有相關(guān)網(wǎng)站支持,適合大專院校經(jīng)濟管理各相關(guān)專業(yè)使用,也可作為普通讀者了解微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)的讀物。
《宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)原理》
這本教材涵蓋宏觀經(jīng)濟所有內(nèi)容,不僅對古典框架和凱恩斯主義框架的宏觀經(jīng)濟經(jīng)典理論分別有詳細闡述,而且對宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)發(fā)展過程中的重要議題和數(shù)據(jù)的討論都有描述。這本書和其他宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)教材的最大不同在于,它以現(xiàn)代、應(yīng)用性的視角對經(jīng)典的理論予以回顧,對整個宏觀經(jīng)濟領(lǐng)域都有個深入淺出的描述。靈活的章節(jié)設(shè)定可以讓老師們根據(jù)課時需要而加以選擇;每個章節(jié)后面對概念和框架的小總結(jié),可以幫助學(xué)生們梳理思路。另外、課后練習(xí)可以讓學(xué)生們分析些真實數(shù)據(jù)而增強對宏觀經(jīng)濟的感覺,這些數(shù)據(jù)也是實際經(jīng)濟生活中政策制定者、經(jīng)濟學(xué)家、政府官員們用到的數(shù)據(jù)。
這本書非常經(jīng)典、通俗易懂,是一本理解現(xiàn)代宏觀經(jīng)濟的參考書。了解經(jīng)濟學(xué)的人就會選擇這本書。
《通貨膨脹目標(biāo)制:國際經(jīng)驗》
本書由伯南克等人根據(jù)20世紀(jì)90年代以來一些實行通貨膨脹目標(biāo)制的國家的經(jīng)驗提煉而成。它以案例研究的方式,對這些國家在實行通貨膨脹目標(biāo)制過程中面臨的重大宏觀經(jīng)濟問題進行了深入的分析,對貨幣政策的決策和執(zhí)行的經(jīng)驗做了系統(tǒng)的總結(jié)。通過這樣一個分析視角, 我們對貨幣政策能做什么和不能做什么, 以及如何運作, 就有了具體而微的理解。
來自"https://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%8D%97%E5%85%8B"
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M id ebbd8779dccbdba14e2876a74d41b0e0 (Talk | 貢獻) 在 2022年8月23日 08:44 · 湖北 發(fā)表
過程中面臨的重大宏觀經(jīng)濟問題進行了深入的分析,對貨幣政策的決策和執(zhí)行的經(jīng)驗做了系統(tǒng)的總結(jié)。
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175.10.165.* 在 2022年10月23日 21:14 · 湖南 發(fā)表
金融 // 金容
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陳cc (Talk | 貢獻) 在 2022年10月24日 09:33 · 福建 發(fā)表
175.10.165.* 在 2022年10月23日 21:14 · 湖南 發(fā)表
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